types.Range()

coordinate.Line: add __contains__(), __len__() and proper __eq__()
NEW: coordinate.Polygon: deal with Polygons defined by a list of Coordinates (in (counter)?clockwise order. Currently allows for rectilinear decomposition and area calculation

requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 bs4~=0.0.1
-beautifulsoup4~=4.12.2
-fishhook~=0.2.9
-pygame~=2.5.2
-requests~=2.31.0
+beautifulsoup4~=4.12
+requests~=2.32
+tqdm~=4.66

src/tools/aoc.py

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 import os
 import re
-import subprocess
 import requests
+import subprocess
+import sys
 import time
+import uuid
 import webbrowser
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from .datafiles import JSONFile
 from .stopwatch import StopWatch
-from typing import Any, Callable, List, Tuple, Type
+from typing import Any, Callable, Type
+from tqdm.auto import tqdm
 from .tools import get_script_dir
 
 BASE_PATH = get_script_dir()
@@ -18,9 +21,9 @@ INPUTS_PATH = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "inputs")
 class AOCDay:
     year: int
     day: int
-    input: List[str]  # our input is always a list of str/lines
-    inputs: List[List[Tuple[Any, str]]]
-    part_func: List[Callable]
+    input: list[str]  # our input is always a list of str/lines
+    inputs: list[list[tuple[Any, str]]]
+    part_func: list[Callable]
 
     def __init__(self, year: int, day: int):
         self.day = day
@@ -28,6 +31,11 @@ class AOCDay:
         self.part_func = [self.part1, self.part2]
         self._current_test_file = None
         self._current_test_solution = None
+        self.DP = {}
+        self.SEEN = set()
+        self.__main_progress_bar_id = None
+        self.__main_progress_bar_pos = 0
+        self.progress_bars = {}
 
     def part1(self) -> Any:
         raise NotImplementedError()
@@ -36,7 +44,14 @@ class AOCDay:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     def is_test(self) -> bool:
-        return self._current_test_solution is not None
+        return "test" in self._current_test_file
+
+    def _call_part_func(self, func: Callable) -> Any:
+        ans = func()
+        for p, pbar in self.progress_bars.items():
+            pbar.close()
+        self.progress_bars = {}
+        return ans
 
     def run_part(
         self,
@@ -53,25 +68,27 @@ class AOCDay:
             self._load_input(input_file)
 
             if not measure_runtime or case_count < len(self.inputs[part]) - 1:
-                answer = self.part_func[part]()
+                self.DP = {}
+                self.seen_reset()
+                answer = self._call_part_func(self.part_func[part])
             else:
-                stopwatch = StopWatch()
-                for _ in range(timeit_number):
-                    answer = self.part_func[part]()
-                stopwatch.stop()
+                stopwatch = StopWatch(auto_start=False)
+                self.__main_progress_bar_pos = 1
+                for _ in tqdm(range(timeit_number), desc=f"Part {part+1}", leave=False):
+                    self.DP = {}
+                    self.seen_reset()
+                    stopwatch.start()
+                    answer = self._call_part_func(self.part_func[part])
+                    stopwatch.stop()
                 exec_time = stopwatch.avg_string(timeit_number)
 
             if solution is None:
-                print_solution(
-                    self.day, part + 1, answer, solution, case_count, exec_time
-                )
+                print_solution(self.day, part + 1, answer, solution, case_count, exec_time)
                 if answer not in {"", b"", None, b"None", "None", 0, "0"}:
                     self._submit(part + 1, answer)
             else:
                 if verbose or answer != solution:
-                    print_solution(
-                        self.day, part + 1, answer, solution, case_count, exec_time
-                    )
+                    print_solution(self.day, part + 1, answer, solution, case_count, exec_time)
 
                 if answer != solution:
                     return False
@@ -111,10 +128,7 @@ class AOCDay:
             cookies={"session": session_id},
         )
         if not response.ok:
-            print(
-                "FAILED to download input: (%s) %s"
-                % (response.status_code, response.text)
-            )
+            print("FAILED to download input: (%s) %s" % (response.status_code, response.text))
             return
 
         with open(filename, "wb") as f:
@@ -157,10 +171,7 @@ class AOCDay:
         )
 
         if not response.ok:
-            print(
-                "Failed to submit answer: (%s) %s"
-                % (response.status_code, response.text)
-            )
+            print("Failed to submit answer: (%s) %s" % (response.status_code, response.text))
 
         soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")
         message = soup.article.text
@@ -168,9 +179,7 @@ class AOCDay:
             answer_cache[str_day][str_part]["correct"] = answer
             has_rank = re.findall(r"You achieved.*rank (\d+)", message)
             print("That's correct!%s" % f" (Rank {has_rank[0]})" if has_rank else "")
-            webbrowser.open(
-                "https://adventofcode.com/%d/day/%d#part2" % (self.year, self.day)
-            )
+            webbrowser.open("https://adventofcode.com/%d/day/%d#part2" % (self.year, self.day))
         elif "That's not the right answer" in message:
             hilo = re.findall("your answer is too (high|low)", message)
             answer_cache[str_day][str_part]["wrong"].append(answer)
@@ -218,9 +227,7 @@ class AOCDay:
         else:
             return [list(map(int, re.findall(r"-?\d+", l))) for l in self.input]
 
-    def getMultiLineInputAsArray(
-        self, return_type: Type = None, join_char: str = None
-    ) -> List:
+    def getMultiLineInputAsArray(self, return_type: Type = None, join_char: str = None) -> list[list[Any]]:
         """
         get input for day x as 2d array, split by empty lines
         """
@@ -246,28 +253,50 @@ class AOCDay:
         return return_array
 
     def getInputAsArraySplit(
-        self, split_char: str = ",", return_type: Type | List[Type] = None
-    ) -> List:
+        self, split_char: str = ",", return_type: Type | list[Type] = None
+    ) -> list[Any] | list[list[Any]]:
         """
         get input for day x with the lines split by split_char
         if input has only one line, returns a 1d array with the values
         if input has multiple lines, returns a 2d array (a[line][values])
         """
         if len(self.input) == 1:
-            return split_line(
-                line=self.input[0], split_char=split_char, return_type=return_type
-            )
+            return split_line(line=self.input[0], split_char=split_char, return_type=return_type)
         else:
             return_array = []
             for line in self.input:
-                return_array.append(
-                    split_line(
-                        line=line, split_char=split_char, return_type=return_type
-                    )
-                )
+                return_array.append(split_line(line=line, split_char=split_char, return_type=return_type))
 
             return return_array
 
+    def progress(self, total: int, add: int = 1, bar_id: str = None) -> None:
+        if bar_id is None:
+            if self.__main_progress_bar_id is None:
+                self.__main_progress_bar_id = uuid.uuid4()
+            bar_id = self.__main_progress_bar_id
+
+        if bar_id not in self.progress_bars:
+            pbar = tqdm(
+                total=total,
+                position=len(self.progress_bars) + self.__main_progress_bar_pos,
+                leave=False,
+                file=sys.stdout,
+            )
+            self.progress_bars[bar_id] = pbar
+
+        pbar = self.progress_bars[bar_id]
+        pbar.update(add)
+
+    def seen_reset(self):
+        self.SEEN = set()
+
+    def seen(self, value: Any, auto_add: bool = True) -> bool:
+        if value in self.SEEN:
+            return True
+        if auto_add:
+            self.SEEN.add(value)
+        return False
+
 
 def print_solution(
     day: int,
@@ -303,15 +332,13 @@ def print_solution(
         print("Day %s, Part %s - Average run time: %s" % (day, part, exec_time))
 
 
-def split_line(line, split_char: str = ",", return_type: Type | List[Type] = None):
+def split_line(line, split_char: str = ",", return_type: Type | list[Type] = None):
     if split_char:
         line = line.split(split_char)
 
     if return_type is None:
         return line
     elif isinstance(return_type, list):
-        return [
-            return_type[x](i) if len(return_type) > x else i for x, i in enumerate(line)
-        ]
+        return [return_type[x](i) if len(return_type) > x else i for x, i in enumerate(line)]
     else:
         return [return_type(i) for i in line]

src/tools/climate.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from math import log10
+
+ABSOLUTE_ZERO_C = -273.15
+
+
+def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius: float) -> float:
+    return celsius * 9 / 5 + 32
+
+
+def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit: float) -> float:
+    return (fahrenheit - 32) / 9 * 5
+
+
+def celsius_to_kelvin(celsius: float) -> float:
+    return celsius - ABSOLUTE_ZERO_C
+
+
+def kelvin_to_celsius(kelvin: float) -> float:
+    return kelvin + ABSOLUTE_ZERO_C
+
+
+def fahrenheit_to_kelvin(fahrenheit: float) -> float:
+    return celsius_to_kelvin(fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit))
+
+
+def kelvin_to_fahrenheit(kelvin: float) -> float:
+    return celsius_to_fahrenheit(kelvin_to_celsius(kelvin))
+
+
+def saturation_vapor_pressure(temperature: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Saturation vapor pressure for a given temperature (in °C) in hPa
+    """
+    a = 7.5 if temperature >= 0 else 7.6
+    b = 237.3 if temperature >= 0 else 240.7
+    return 6.1078 * 10 ** ((a * temperature) / (b + temperature))
+
+
+def vapor_pressure(relative_humidity: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Vapor pressure for a given relative humidity (in %) and temperature (in °C) in hPa
+    """
+    return relative_humidity / 100 * saturation_vapor_pressure(temperature)
+
+
+def relative_humidity(temperature: float, due_point: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Relative humidity for a given temperature (in °C) in and due point (in °C)
+    """
+    return 100 * saturation_vapor_pressure(due_point) / saturation_vapor_pressure(temperature)
+
+
+def absolute_humidity_from_humidity(relative_humidity: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Absolute humidity for a given relative humidity (in %) and temperature (in °C) in g/m³
+    """
+    mw = 18.016
+    rs = 8314.3
+    return 10**5 * mw / rs * vapor_pressure(relative_humidity, temperature) / celsius_to_kelvin(temperature)
+
+
+def absolute_humidity_from_due_point(due_point: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Absolute humidity for a given due point (in °C) and temperature (in °C) in g/m³
+    """
+    mw = 18.016
+    rs = 8314.3
+    return 10**5 * mw / rs * saturation_vapor_pressure(due_point) / celsius_to_kelvin(temperature)
+
+
+def due_point(relative_humidity: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Due Point for a given relative humidity (in %) and temperature (in °C) in °C
+    """
+    a = 7.5 if temperature >= 0 else 7.6
+    b = 237.3 if temperature >= 0 else 240.7
+    v = log10(vapor_pressure(relative_humidity, temperature) / 6.1078)
+
+    return b * v / (a - v)

src/tools/coordinate.py

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 from enum import Enum
-from math import gcd, sqrt, inf, atan2, degrees
+from math import gcd, sqrt, inf, atan2, degrees, isclose
 from .math import round_half_up
-from typing import Union, List
+from typing import Union, List, Iterable
+from .tools import minmax
+
+
+NEIGHBOURS = [(0, -1), (1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0)]
+NEIGHBOURS_3D = [(0, -1, 0), (0, 0, -1), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, -1), (0, 1, 0), (-1, 0, 0)]
+DIAGONAL_NEIGHBOURS = [(-1, -1), (1, -1), (-1, 1), (1, 1)]
+DIAGONAL_NEIGHBOURS_3D = [
+    (-1, -1, -1),
+    (1, -1, -1),
+    (-1, -1, 1),
+    (1, -1, 1),
+    (-1, 1, -1),
+    (-1, 1, 1),
+    (1, 1, -1),
+    (1, 1, 1),
+]
 
 
 class DistanceAlgorithm(Enum):
@@ -14,19 +30,19 @@ class DistanceAlgorithm(Enum):
 
 
 class Coordinate(tuple):
-    def __new__(cls, x: int, y: int, z: int = None) -> Coordinate:
-        return tuple.__new__(Coordinate, (x, y, z))
+    def __new__(cls, x: int | float, y: int | float, z: int | float | None = None):
+        return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y, z))
 
     @property
-    def x(self):
+    def x(self) -> int | float:
         return self[0]
 
     @property
-    def y(self):
+    def y(self) -> int | float:
         return self[1]
 
     @property
-    def z(self):
+    def z(self) -> int | float:
         return self[2]
 
     def is3D(self) -> bool:
@@ -37,7 +53,7 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
         target: Coordinate | tuple,
         algorithm: DistanceAlgorithm = DistanceAlgorithm.EUCLIDEAN,
         includeDiagonals: bool = False,
-    ) -> Union[int, float]:
+    ) -> int | float:
         """
         Get distance to target Coordinate
 
@@ -52,9 +68,7 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
                 return sqrt(abs(self[0] - target[0]) ** 2 + abs(self[1] - target[1]) ** 2)
             else:
                 return sqrt(
-                    abs(self[0] - target[0]) ** 2
-                    + abs(self[1] - target[1]) ** 2
-                    + abs(self[2] - target[2]) ** 2
+                    abs(self[0] - target[0]) ** 2 + abs(self[1] - target[1]) ** 2 + abs(self[2] - target[2]) ** 2
                 )
         elif algorithm == DistanceAlgorithm.CHEBYSHEV:
             if self[2] is None:
@@ -70,11 +84,7 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
                 if self[2] is None:
                     return abs(self[0] - target[0]) + abs(self[1] - target[1])
                 else:
-                    return (
-                        abs(self[0] - target[0])
-                        + abs(self[1] - target[1])
-                        + abs(self[2] - target[2])
-                    )
+                    return abs(self[0] - target[0]) + abs(self[1] - target[1]) + abs(self[2] - target[2])
             else:
                 dist = [abs(self[0] - target[0]), abs(self[1] - target[1])]
                 if self[2] is None:
@@ -90,32 +100,28 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
 
     def inBoundaries(
         self,
-        minX: int,
-        minY: int,
-        maxX: int,
-        maxY: int,
-        minZ: int = -inf,
-        maxZ: int = inf,
+        minX: int | float,
+        minY: int | float,
+        maxX: int | float,
+        maxY: int | float,
+        minZ: int | float = -inf,
+        maxZ: int | float = inf,
     ) -> bool:
         if self[2] is None:
             return minX <= self[0] <= maxX and minY <= self[1] <= maxY
         else:
-            return (
-                minX <= self[0] <= maxX
-                and minY <= self[1] <= maxY
-                and minZ <= self[2] <= maxZ
-            )
+            return minX <= self[0] <= maxX and minY <= self[1] <= maxY and minZ <= self[2] <= maxZ
 
     def getCircle(
         self,
-        radius: int = 1,
+        radius: int | float = 1,
         algorithm: DistanceAlgorithm = DistanceAlgorithm.EUCLIDEAN,
-        minX: int = -inf,
-        minY: int = -inf,
-        maxX: int = inf,
-        maxY: int = inf,
-        minZ: int = -inf,
-        maxZ: int = inf,
+        minX: int | float = -inf,
+        minY: int | float = -inf,
+        maxX: int | float = inf,
+        maxY: int | float = inf,
+        minZ: int | float = -inf,
+        maxZ: int | float = inf,
     ) -> list[Coordinate]:
         ret = []
         if self[2] is None:  # mode 2D
@@ -124,11 +130,7 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
                     target = Coordinate(x, y)
                     if not target.inBoundaries(minX, minY, maxX, maxY):
                         continue
-                    dist = round_half_up(
-                        self.getDistanceTo(
-                            target, algorithm=algorithm, includeDiagonals=False
-                        )
-                    )
+                    dist = round_half_up(self.getDistanceTo(target, algorithm=algorithm, includeDiagonals=False))
                     if dist == radius:
                         ret.append(target)
 
@@ -139,11 +141,7 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
                         target = Coordinate(x, y)
                         if not target.inBoundaries(minX, minY, maxX, maxY, minZ, maxZ):
                             continue
-                        dist = round_half_up(
-                            self.getDistanceTo(
-                                target, algorithm=algorithm, includeDiagonals=False
-                            )
-                        )
+                        dist = round_half_up(self.getDistanceTo(target, algorithm=algorithm, includeDiagonals=False))
                         if dist == radius:
                             ret.append(target)
 
@@ -152,12 +150,13 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
     def getNeighbours(
         self,
         includeDiagonal: bool = True,
-        minX: int = -inf,
-        minY: int = -inf,
-        maxX: int = inf,
-        maxY: int = inf,
-        minZ: int = -inf,
-        maxZ: int = inf,
+        minX: int | float = -inf,
+        minY: int | float = -inf,
+        maxX: int | float = inf,
+        maxY: int | float = inf,
+        minZ: int | float = -inf,
+        maxZ: int | float = inf,
+        dist: int | float = 1,
     ) -> list[Coordinate]:
         """
         Get a list of neighbouring coordinates.
@@ -169,51 +168,24 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
         :param maxX: ignore all neighbours that would have an X value above this
         :param maxY: ignore all neighbours that would have an Y value above this
         :param maxZ: ignore all neighbours that would have an Z value above this
+        :param dist: distance to neighbour coordinates
         :return: list of Coordinate
         """
         if self[2] is None:
+            nb_list = [x * dist for x in NEIGHBOURS]
             if includeDiagonal:
-                nb_list = [
-                    (-1, -1),
-                    (-1, 0),
-                    (-1, 1),
-                    (0, -1),
-                    (0, 1),
-                    (1, -1),
-                    (1, 0),
-                    (1, 1),
-                ]
-            else:
-                nb_list = [(-1, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1)]
+                nb_list += [x * dist for x in DIAGONAL_NEIGHBOURS]
 
             for dx, dy in nb_list:
                 if minX <= self[0] + dx <= maxX and minY <= self[1] + dy <= maxY:
                     yield self.__class__(self[0] + dx, self[1] + dy)
         else:
+            nb_list = [x * dist for x in NEIGHBOURS_3D]
             if includeDiagonal:
-                nb_list = [
-                    (x, y, z)
-                    for x in [-1, 0, 1]
-                    for y in [-1, 0, 1]
-                    for z in [-1, 0, 1]
-                ]
-                nb_list.remove((0, 0, 0))
-            else:
-                nb_list = [
-                    (-1, 0, 0),
-                    (0, -1, 0),
-                    (1, 0, 0),
-                    (0, 1, 0),
-                    (0, 0, 1),
-                    (0, 0, -1),
-                ]
+                nb_list += [x * dist for x in DIAGONAL_NEIGHBOURS_3D]
 
             for dx, dy, dz in nb_list:
-                if (
-                    minX <= self[0] + dx <= maxX
-                    and minY <= self[1] + dy <= maxY
-                    and minZ <= self[2] + dz <= maxZ
-                ):
+                if minX <= self[0] + dx <= maxX and minY <= self[1] + dy <= maxY and minZ <= self[2] + dz <= maxZ:
                     yield self.__class__(self[0] + dx, self[1] + dy, self[2] + dz)
 
     def getAngleTo(self, target: Coordinate | tuple, normalized: bool = False) -> float:
@@ -233,25 +205,23 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
                 return 180.0 + abs(angle)
 
     def getLineTo(self, target: Coordinate | tuple) -> List[Coordinate]:
+        """this will probably not yield what you expect, when using float coordinates"""
+        if target == self:
+            return [self]
         diff = target - self
 
         if self[2] is None:
-            steps = gcd(diff[0], diff[0])
+            steps = gcd(diff[0], diff[1])
             step_x = diff[0] // steps
             step_y = diff[1] // steps
-            return [
-                self.__class__(self[0] + step_x * i, self[1] + step_y * i)
-                for i in range(steps + 1)
-            ]
+            return [self.__class__(self[0] + step_x * i, self[1] + step_y * i) for i in range(steps + 1)]
         else:
             steps = gcd(diff[0], diff[1], diff[2])
             step_x = diff[0] // steps
             step_y = diff[1] // steps
             step_z = diff[2] // steps
             return [
-                self.__class__(
-                    self[0] + step_x * i, self[1] + step_y * i, self[2] + step_z * i
-                )
+                self.__class__(self[0] + step_x * i, self[1] + step_y * i, self[2] + step_z * i)
                 for i in range(steps + 1)
             ]
 
@@ -282,12 +252,18 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
         else:
             return self.__class__(self[0] - other[0], self[1] - other[1], self[2] - other[2])
 
-    def __mul__(self, other: int) -> Coordinate:
+    def __mul__(self, other: int | float) -> Coordinate:
         if self[2] is None:
             return self.__class__(self[0] * other, self[1] * other)
         else:
             return self.__class__(self[0] * other, self[1] * other, self[2] * other)
 
+    def __mod__(self, other: int | float) -> Coordinate:
+        if self[2] is None:
+            return self.__class__(self[0] % other, self[1] % other)
+        else:
+            return self.__class__(self[0] % other, self[1] % other, self[2] % other)
+
     def __floordiv__(self, other: int | float) -> Coordinate:
         if self[2] is None:
             return self.__class__(self[0] // other, self[1] // other)
@@ -295,19 +271,22 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
             return self.__class__(self[0] // other, self[1] // other, self[2] // other)
 
     def __truediv__(self, other: int | float) -> Coordinate:
-        return self // other
+        if self[2] is None:
+            return self.__class__(self[0] / other, self[1] / other)
+        else:
+            return self.__class__(self[0] / other, self[1] / other, self[2] / other)
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self[2] is None:
-            return "(%d,%d)" % (self[0], self[1])
+            return "({},{})".format(self[0], self[1])
         else:
-            return "(%d,%d,%d)" % (self[0], self[1], self[2])
+            return "({},{},{})".format(self[0], self[1], self[2])
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self[2] is None:
-            return "%s(x=%d, y=%d)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self[0], self[1])
+            return "{}(x={}, y={})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self[0], self[1])
         else:
-            return "%s(x=%d, y=%d, z=%d)" % (
+            return "{}(x={}, y={}, z={})".format(
                 self.__class__.__name__,
                 self[0],
                 self[1],
@@ -317,112 +296,25 @@ class Coordinate(tuple):
     @classmethod
     def generate(
         cls,
-        from_x: int,
-        to_x: int,
-        from_y: int,
-        to_y: int,
-        from_z: int = None,
-        to_z: int = None,
+        from_x: int | float,
+        to_x: int | float,
+        from_y: int | float,
+        to_y: int | float,
+        from_z: int | float = None,
+        to_z: int | float = None,
+        step: int | float = 1,
     ) -> List[Coordinate]:
         if from_z is None or to_z is None:
-            return [
-                cls(x, y)
-                for x in range(from_x, to_x + 1)
-                for y in range(from_y, to_y + 1)
-            ]
+            return [cls(x, y) for x in range(from_x, to_x + step, step) for y in range(from_y, to_y + step, step)]
         else:
             return [
                 cls(x, y, z)
-                for x in range(from_x, to_x + 1)
-                for y in range(from_y, to_y + 1)
-                for z in range(from_z, to_z + 1)
+                for x in range(from_x, to_x + step, step)
+                for y in range(from_y, to_y + step, step)
+                for z in range(from_z, to_z + step, step)
             ]
 
 
-class HexCoordinate(Coordinate):
-    """
-    https://www.redblobgames.com/grids/hexagons/#coordinates-cube
-    Treat as 3d Coordinate
-    +y   -x   +z
-      y  x  z
-        yxz
-      z  x  y
-    -z   +x   -y
-    """
-
-    neighbour_vectors = {
-        "ne": Coordinate(-1, 0, 1),
-        "nw": Coordinate(-1, 1, 0),
-        "e": Coordinate(0, -1, 1),
-        "w": Coordinate(0, 1, -1),
-        "sw": Coordinate(1, 0, -1),
-        "se": Coordinate(1, -1, 0),
-    }
-
-    def __init__(self, x: int, y: int, z: int):
-        assert (x + y + z) == 0
-        super(HexCoordinate, self).__init__(x, y, z)
-
-    def get_length(self) -> int:
-        return (abs(self.x) + abs(self.y) + abs(self.z)) // 2
-
-    def getDistanceTo(
-        self,
-        target: Coordinate,
-        algorithm: DistanceAlgorithm = DistanceAlgorithm.EUCLIDEAN,
-        includeDiagonals: bool = True,
-    ) -> Union[int, float]:
-        # includeDiagonals makes no sense in a hex grid, it's just here for signature reasons
-        if algorithm == DistanceAlgorithm.MANHATTAN:
-            return (self - target).get_length()
-
-    def getNeighbours(
-        self,
-        includeDiagonal: bool = True,
-        minX: int = -inf,
-        minY: int = -inf,
-        maxX: int = inf,
-        maxY: int = inf,
-        minZ: int = -inf,
-        maxZ: int = inf,
-    ) -> list[Coordinate]:
-        # includeDiagonals makes no sense in a hex grid, it's just here for signature reasons
-        return [
-            self + x
-            for x in self.neighbour_vectors.values()
-            if minX <= (self + x).x <= maxX
-            and minY <= (self + x).y <= maxY
-            and minZ <= (self + x).z <= maxZ
-        ]
-
-
-HexCoordinateR = HexCoordinate
-
-
-class HexCoordinateF(HexCoordinate):
-    """
-    https://www.redblobgames.com/grids/hexagons/#coordinates-cube
-    Treat as 3d Coordinate
-    +y        -x
-       y     x
-    -z z yxz z +z
-       x     y
-    +x        -y
-    """
-
-    neighbour_vectors = {
-        "ne": Coordinate(-1, 0, 1),
-        "nw": Coordinate(0, 1, -1),
-        "n": Coordinate(-1, 1, 0),
-        "s": Coordinate(1, -1, 0),
-        "sw": Coordinate(1, 0, -1),
-        "se": Coordinate(0, -1, 1),
-    }
-
-    def __init__(self, x: int, y: int, z: int):
-        super(HexCoordinateF, self).__init__(x, y, z)
-
-
 class Shape:
     def __init__(self, top_left: Coordinate, bottom_right: Coordinate):
         """
@@ -438,9 +330,7 @@ class Shape:
 
     def __len__(self):
         if not self.mode_3d:
-            return (self.bottom_right.x - self.top_left.x + 1) * (
-                self.bottom_right.y - self.top_left.y + 1
-            )
+            return (self.bottom_right.x - self.top_left.x + 1) * (self.bottom_right.y - self.top_left.y + 1)
         else:
             return (
                 (self.bottom_right.x - self.top_left.x + 1)
@@ -457,43 +347,23 @@ class Shape:
 
         if not self.mode_3d:
             intersect_top_left = Coordinate(
-                self.top_left.x
-                if self.top_left.x > other.top_left.x
-                else other.top_left.x,
-                self.top_left.y
-                if self.top_left.y > other.top_left.y
-                else other.top_left.y,
+                self.top_left.x if self.top_left.x > other.top_left.x else other.top_left.x,
+                self.top_left.y if self.top_left.y > other.top_left.y else other.top_left.y,
             )
             intersect_bottom_right = Coordinate(
-                self.bottom_right.x
-                if self.bottom_right.x < other.bottom_right.x
-                else other.bottom_right.x,
-                self.bottom_right.y
-                if self.bottom_right.y < other.bottom_right.y
-                else other.bottom_right.y,
+                self.bottom_right.x if self.bottom_right.x < other.bottom_right.x else other.bottom_right.x,
+                self.bottom_right.y if self.bottom_right.y < other.bottom_right.y else other.bottom_right.y,
             )
         else:
             intersect_top_left = Coordinate(
-                self.top_left.x
-                if self.top_left.x > other.top_left.x
-                else other.top_left.x,
-                self.top_left.y
-                if self.top_left.y > other.top_left.y
-                else other.top_left.y,
-                self.top_left.z
-                if self.top_left.z > other.top_left.z
-                else other.top_left.z,
+                self.top_left.x if self.top_left.x > other.top_left.x else other.top_left.x,
+                self.top_left.y if self.top_left.y > other.top_left.y else other.top_left.y,
+                self.top_left.z if self.top_left.z > other.top_left.z else other.top_left.z,
             )
             intersect_bottom_right = Coordinate(
-                self.bottom_right.x
-                if self.bottom_right.x < other.bottom_right.x
-                else other.bottom_right.x,
-                self.bottom_right.y
-                if self.bottom_right.y < other.bottom_right.y
-                else other.bottom_right.y,
-                self.bottom_right.z
-                if self.bottom_right.z < other.bottom_right.z
-                else other.bottom_right.z,
+                self.bottom_right.x if self.bottom_right.x < other.bottom_right.x else other.bottom_right.x,
+                self.bottom_right.y if self.bottom_right.y < other.bottom_right.y else other.bottom_right.y,
+                self.bottom_right.z if self.bottom_right.z < other.bottom_right.z else other.bottom_right.z,
             )
 
         if intersect_top_left <= intersect_bottom_right:
@@ -505,6 +375,16 @@ class Shape:
     def __rand__(self, other):
         return self.intersection(other)
 
+    def __contains__(self, item: Coordinate) -> bool:
+        if not self.mode_3d:
+            return self.top_left.x <= item.x <= self.bottom_right.x and self.top_left.y <= item.y <= self.bottom_right.y
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.top_left.x <= item.x <= self.bottom_right.x
+                and self.top_left.y <= item.y <= self.bottom_right.y
+                and self.top_left.z <= item.z <= self.bottom_right.z
+            )
+
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s(%s -> %s)" % (
             self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -520,9 +400,9 @@ class Shape:
         )
 
 
-class Square(Shape):
+class Rectangle(Shape):
     def __init__(self, top_left, bottom_right):
-        super(Square, self).__init__(top_left, bottom_right)
+        super(Rectangle, self).__init__(top_left, bottom_right)
         self.mode_3d = False
 
 
@@ -531,3 +411,131 @@ class Cube(Shape):
         if top_left.z is None or bottom_right.z is None:
             raise ValueError("Both Coordinates need to be 3D")
         super(Cube, self).__init__(top_left, bottom_right)
+
+
+# FIXME: Line could probably also just be a subclass of Shape
+class Line:
+    def __init__(self, start: Coordinate, end: Coordinate):
+        if start[2] is not None or end[2] is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("3D Lines are hard(er)")
+        self.start, self.end = minmax(start, end)
+
+    def is_horizontal(self) -> bool:
+        return self.start[1] == self.end[1]
+
+    def is_vertical(self) -> bool:
+        return self.start[0] == self.end[0]
+
+    def connects_to(self, other: Line) -> bool:
+        return self.start == other.start or self.start == other.end or self.end == other.start or self.end == other.end
+
+    def intersects(self, other: Line, strict: bool = True) -> bool:
+        try:
+            self.get_intersection(other, strict=strict)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+    def get_intersection(self, other: Line, strict: bool = True) -> Coordinate:
+        xdiff = (self.start[0] - self.end[0], other.start[0] - other.end[0])
+        ydiff = (self.start[1] - self.end[1], other.start[1] - other.end[1])
+
+        def det(a, b):
+            return a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]
+
+        div = det(xdiff, ydiff)
+        if div == 0:
+            raise ValueError("lines do not intersect")
+
+        d = (det(self.start, self.end), det(other.start, other.end))
+        x = det(d, xdiff) / div
+        y = det(d, ydiff) / div
+        ret = Coordinate(x, y)
+
+        if not strict:
+            return ret
+        else:
+            if ret in self and ret in other:
+                return ret
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("intersection out of bounds")
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((self.start, self.end))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Line) -> bool:
+        return hash(self) == hash(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Line) -> bool:
+        return self.start < other.start
+
+    def __contains__(self, point: Coordinate | tuple) -> bool:
+        return isclose(
+            self.start.getDistanceTo(self.end),
+            self.start.getDistanceTo(point) + self.end.getDistanceTo(point),
+        )
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return int(self.start.getDistanceTo(self.end))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"Line({self.start} -> {self.end})"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self)
+
+
+class Polygon:
+    def __init__(self, points: list[Coordinate]) -> None:
+        """points have to be in (counter)clockwise order, not repeating the first coordinate"""
+        if len(set(points)) != len(points):
+            raise ValueError("Polygon contains repeated points")
+
+        self.points = points
+        self.lines = set()
+        for i in range(len(points) - 1):
+            self.lines.add(Line(points[i], points[i + 1]))
+        self.lines.add(Line(points[-1], points[0]))
+
+    def get_circumference(self) -> float:
+        return sum(len(x) for x in self.lines)
+
+    def get_area(self) -> float:
+        S = 0
+        for i in range(len(self.points)):
+            S += (
+                self.points[i].x * self.points[(i + 1) % len(self.points)].y
+                - self.points[(i + 1) % len(self.points)].x * self.points[i].y
+            )
+
+        return abs(S) / 2
+
+    def decompose(self) -> Iterable[Rectangle]:
+        points_left = list(self.points)
+
+        def flip(point: Coordinate):
+            if point in points_left:
+                points_left.remove(point)
+            else:
+                points_left.append(point)
+
+        while points_left:
+            pk, pl, pm = None, None, None
+            for c in sorted(points_left, key=lambda p: (p[1], p[0])):
+                if pk is None:
+                    pk = c
+                    continue
+
+                if pl is None:
+                    pl = c
+                    continue
+
+                if pk.x <= c.x < pl.x and pk.y < c.y:
+                    pm = c
+                    break
+
+            flip(pk)
+            flip(pl)
+            flip(Coordinate(pk.x, pm.y))
+            flip(Coordinate(pl.x, pm.y))
+            yield Rectangle(pk, Coordinate(pl.x, pm.y))

src/tools/grid.py

@@ -173,6 +173,11 @@ class Grid:
     def getOnCount(self) -> int:
         return len(self.__grid)
 
+    def find(self, value: Any) -> Iterable[Coordinate]:
+        for k, v in self.__grid.items():
+            if v == value:
+                yield k
+
     def count(self, value: Any) -> int:
         return list(self.__grid.values()).count(value)
 
@@ -210,14 +215,9 @@ class Grid:
                 and self.minZ + pad <= pos[2] <= self.maxZ - pad
             )
         else:
-            return (
-                self.minX + pad <= pos[0] <= self.maxX - pad
-                and self.minY + pad <= pos[1] <= self.maxY - pad
-            )
+            return self.minX + pad <= pos[0] <= self.maxX - pad and self.minY + pad <= pos[1] <= self.maxY - pad
 
-    def getActiveCells(
-        self, x: int = None, y: int = None, z: int = None
-    ) -> Iterable[Coordinate]:
+    def getActiveCells(self, x: int = None, y: int = None, z: int = None) -> Iterable[Coordinate]:
         if x is not None or y is not None or z is not None:
             return (
                 c
@@ -229,6 +229,20 @@ class Grid:
         else:
             return self.__grid.keys()
 
+    def getRegion(self, start: Coordinate, includeDiagonal: bool = False) -> Iterable[Coordinate]:
+        start_value = self.get(start)
+        queue = deque()
+        queue.append(start)
+        visited = set()
+        while queue:
+            next_coord = queue.popleft()
+            if next_coord in visited or not self.isWithinBoundaries(next_coord) or self.get(next_coord) != start_value:
+                continue
+            visited.add(next_coord)
+            yield next_coord
+            for n in self.getNeighboursOf(next_coord, includeDefault=True, includeDiagonal=includeDiagonal):
+                queue.append(n)
+
     def getActiveRegion(
         self,
         start: Coordinate,
@@ -407,9 +421,7 @@ class Grid:
                 if c in came_from and self.get(c) in walls:
                     continue
                 came_from[c] = current
-                if c == pos_to or (
-                    stop_at_first is not None and self.get(c) == stop_at_first
-                ):
+                if c == pos_to or (stop_at_first is not None and self.get(c) == stop_at_first):
                     pos_to = c
                     found_end = True
                     break
@@ -456,9 +468,7 @@ class Grid:
             if currentCoord == pos_to:
                 break
 
-            for neighbour in self.getNeighboursOf(
-                currentCoord, includeDefault=True, includeDiagonal=includeDiagonal
-            ):
+            for neighbour in self.getNeighboursOf(currentCoord, includeDefault=True, includeDiagonal=includeDiagonal):
                 if self.get(neighbour) in walls or neighbour in closedNodes:
                     continue
 
@@ -467,9 +477,7 @@ class Grid:
                 elif not includeDiagonal:
                     neighbourDist = 1
                 else:
-                    neighbourDist = currentCoord.getDistanceTo(
-                        neighbour, DistanceAlgorithm.MANHATTAN, includeDiagonal
-                    )
+                    neighbourDist = currentCoord.getDistanceTo(neighbour, DistanceAlgorithm.MANHATTAN, includeDiagonal)
 
                 targetDist = neighbour.getDistanceTo(pos_to)
                 f_cost = targetDist + neighbourDist + currentNode[1]
@@ -503,17 +511,13 @@ class Grid:
         to_z: int = None,
     ) -> "Grid":
         if self.mode3D and (from_z is None or to_z is None):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "sub_grid() on mode3d Grids requires from_z and to_z to be set"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("sub_grid() on mode3d Grids requires from_z and to_z to be set")
         count_x, count_y, count_z = 0, 0, 0
         new_grid = Grid(self.__default)
         for x in range(from_x, to_x + 1):
             for y in range(from_y, to_y + 1):
                 if not self.mode3D:
-                    new_grid.set(
-                        Coordinate(count_x, count_y), self.get(Coordinate(x, y))
-                    )
+                    new_grid.set(Coordinate(count_x, count_y), self.get(Coordinate(x, y)))
                 else:
                     for z in range(from_z, to_z + 1):
                         new_grid.set(
@@ -580,20 +584,14 @@ class Grid:
     def get_aoc_ocr_string(self, x_shift: int = 0, y_shift: int = 0):
         return convert_array_6(
             [
-                [
-                    "#" if self.get(Coordinate(x + x_shift, y + y_shift)) else "."
-                    for x in self.rangeX()
-                ]
+                ["#" if self.get(Coordinate(x + x_shift, y + y_shift)) else "." for x in self.rangeX()]
                 for y in self.rangeY()
             ]
         )
 
     def __str__(self, true_char: str = "#", false_char: str = "."):
         return "/".join(
-            "".join(
-                true_char if self.get(Coordinate(x, y)) else false_char
-                for x in range(self.minX, self.maxX + 1)
-            )
+            "".join(true_char if self.get(Coordinate(x, y)) else false_char for x in range(self.minX, self.maxX + 1))
             for y in range(self.minY, self.maxY + 1)
         )
 
@@ -609,11 +607,7 @@ class Grid:
     ) -> "Grid":
         if translate is None:
             translate = {}
-        if (
-            true_char is not None
-            and True not in translate.values()
-            and true_char not in translate
-        ):
+        if true_char is not None and True not in translate.values() and true_char not in translate:
             translate[true_char] = true_value if true_value is not None else True
 
         ret = cls(default=default)

src/tools/int_seq.py

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
-import math
-
-
-def factorial(n: int) -> int:
+def factorial(n: int, start: int = 1) -> int:
     """
     n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * ... * n
     1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, ...
+
+    If you're looking for efficiency with start == 1, just use math.factorial(n)
+    which takes just 25% of the compute time on average, but this is the fastest
+    pure python implementation I could come up with and it allows for partial
+    multiplications, like 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * .... * 17
     """
-    return math.factorial(n)
+    if start == n:
+        return n
+    if n - start == 1:
+        return n * start
+
+    middle = start + (n - start) // 2
+    return factorial(middle, start) * factorial(n, middle + 1)
 
 
 def fibonacci(n: int) -> int:
@@ -38,3 +46,10 @@ def pentagonal(n: int) -> int:
     0, 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...
     """
     return ((3 * n * n) - n) // 2
+
+
+def hexagonal(n: int) -> int:
+    if n == 1:
+        return 1
+
+    return n * 2 + (n - 1) * 2 + (n - 2) * 2 + hexagonal(n - 1)

src/tools/irc.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
-from time import sleep
 from .schedule import Scheduler
 from .simplesocket import ClientSocket
+from base64 import b64encode
+from collections import deque
 from datetime import timedelta
 from enum import Enum
+from time import sleep
 from typing import Callable
 
 
@@ -155,6 +157,15 @@ class ServerMessage(str, Enum):
     ERR_NOOPERHOST = "491"
     ERR_UMODEUNKNOWNFLAG = "501"
     ERR_USERSDONTMATCH = "502"
+    RPL_LOGGEDIN = "900"
+    RPL_LOGGEDOUT = "901"
+    ERR_NICKLOCKED = "902"
+    RPL_SASLSUCCESS = "903"
+    ERR_SASLFAIL = "904"
+    ERR_SASLTOOLONG = "905"
+    ERR_SASLABORTED = "906"
+    ERR_SASLALREADY = "907"
+    RPL_SASLMECHS = "908"
     MSG_NICK = "NICK"
     MSG_TOPIC = "TOPIC"
     MSG_MODE = "MODE"
@@ -221,20 +232,30 @@ class Client:
         nick: str,
         username: str,
         realname: str = "Python Bot",
+        sasl_password: str = None,
     ):
+        self.__connected = False
+        self.__send_queue = deque()
         self.__userlist = {}
         self.__channellist = {}
         self.__server_socket = ClientSocket(server, port)
-        self.__server_socket.sendline(
-            "USER %s ignore ignore :%s" % (username, realname)
-        )
+
+        if sasl_password is not None:
+            self.__server_socket.sendline("CAP REQ :sasl")
+        self.__server_socket.sendline("USER %s ignore ignore :%s" % (username, realname))
         self.__server_socket.sendline("NICK %s" % nick)
+        if sasl_password is not None:
+            self.__server_socket.sendline("AUTHENTICATE PLAIN")
+            auth_string = b64encode(bytes("%s\0%s\0%s" % (nick, nick, sasl_password), "utf-8")).decode("ascii")
+            self.__server_socket.sendline("AUTHENTICATE %s" % auth_string)
+
         self.__server_caps = {"MAXLEN": 255}
         self.__function_register = {
             ServerMessage.RPL_WELCOME: [self.on_rpl_welcome],
             ServerMessage.RPL_TOPIC: [self.on_rpl_topic],
             ServerMessage.RPL_ISUPPORT: [self.on_rpl_isupport],
             ServerMessage.ERR_NICKNAMEINUSE: [self.on_err_nicknameinuse],
+            ServerMessage.RPL_LOGGEDIN: [self.on_auth],
             ServerMessage.MSG_JOIN: [self.on_join],
             ServerMessage.MSG_PART: [self.on_part],
             ServerMessage.MSG_QUIT: [self.on_quit],
@@ -243,6 +264,17 @@ class Client:
         }
         self.receive()
 
+    def send_raw(self, msg: str):
+        self.__send_queue.append(msg)
+
+    def send_queue(self):
+        if not self.__connected or not self.__send_queue:
+            return
+
+        msg = self.__send_queue.popleft()
+        print(f"-> {msg}")
+        self.__server_socket.sendline(msg)
+
     def receive(self):
         while line := self.__server_socket.recvline():
             line = line.strip()
@@ -267,10 +299,7 @@ class Client:
 
             if "!" in msg_from and msg_from not in self.__userlist:
                 self.__userlist[msg_from] = User(msg_from)
-                if (
-                    self.__userlist[msg_from].nickname
-                    == self.__userlist[self.__my_user].nickname
-                ):
+                if self.__userlist[msg_from].nickname == self.__userlist[self.__my_user].nickname:
                     del self.__userlist[self.__my_user]
                     self.__my_user = msg_from
 
@@ -284,9 +313,14 @@ class Client:
         else:
             self.__function_register[msg_type] = [func]
 
+    def on_auth(self, msg_from: str, msg_to: str, message: str):
+        print("authed")
+        self.__server_socket.sendline("CAP END")
+
     def on_rpl_welcome(self, msg_from: str, msg_to: str, message: str):
         self.__my_user = message.split()[-1]
         self.__userlist[self.__my_user] = User(self.__my_user)
+        self.__connected = True
 
     def on_rpl_isupport(self, msg_from: str, msg_to: str, message: str):
         for cap in message.split():
@@ -310,9 +344,7 @@ class Client:
 
     def on_nick(self, msg_from: str, msg_to: str, message: str):
         self.__userlist[msg_from].nick(msg_to)
-        self.__userlist[self.__userlist[msg_from].identifier] = self.__userlist[
-            msg_from
-        ]
+        self.__userlist[self.__userlist[msg_from].identifier] = self.__userlist[msg_from]
         del self.__userlist[msg_from]
 
     def on_join(self, msg_from: str, msg_to: str, message: str):
@@ -342,21 +374,21 @@ class Client:
         print(msg_from, msg_type, msg_to, message)
 
     def nick(self, new_nick: str):
-        self.__server_socket.sendline("NICK %s" % new_nick)
+        self.send_raw("NICK %s" % new_nick)
 
     def join(self, channel: str):
-        self.__server_socket.sendline("JOIN %s" % channel)
+        self.send_raw("JOIN %s" % channel)
         self.receive()
 
     def part(self, channel: str):
-        self.__server_socket.sendline("PART %s" % channel)
+        self.send_raw("PART %s" % channel)
         self.receive()
 
     def privmsg(self, target: str, message: str):
-        self.__server_socket.sendline("PRIVMSG %s :%s" % (target, message))
+        self.send_raw("PRIVMSG %s :%s" % (target, message))
 
     def quit(self, message: str = "Elvis has left the building!"):
-        self.__server_socket.sendline("QUIT :%s" % message)
+        self.send_raw("QUIT :%s" % message)
         self.receive()
         self.__server_socket.close()
 
@@ -389,8 +421,9 @@ class IrcBot(Client):
         nick: str,
         username: str,
         realname: str = "Python Bot",
+        sasl_password: str = None,
     ):
-        super().__init__(server, port, nick, username, realname)
+        super().__init__(server, port, nick, username, realname, sasl_password)
         self._scheduler = Scheduler()
         self._channel_commands = {}
         self._privmsg_commands = {}
@@ -415,13 +448,8 @@ class IrcBot(Client):
         if not message:
             return
         command = message.split()[0]
-        if (
-            msg_to in self._channel_commands
-            and command in self._channel_commands[msg_to]
-        ):
-            self._channel_commands[msg_to][command](
-                msg_from, " ".join(message.split()[1:])
-            )
+        if msg_to in self._channel_commands and command in self._channel_commands[msg_to]:
+            self._channel_commands[msg_to][command](msg_from, " ".join(message.split()[1:]))
 
         if msg_to == self.getUser().nickname and command in self._privmsg_commands:
             self._privmsg_commands[command](msg_from, " ".join(message.split()[1:]))
@@ -429,5 +457,6 @@ class IrcBot(Client):
     def run(self):
         while True:
             self._scheduler.run_pending()
+            self.send_queue()
             self.receive()
             sleep(0.01)

src/tools/itertools.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from math import factorial, comb
+from typing import Sized, Iterator
+
+
+def len_combinations(iterable: Sized, r: int) -> int:
+    """How many options will itertools.combinations(iterable, r) yield?"""
+    n = len(iterable)
+    if r > n:
+        return 0
+    else:
+        return factorial(n) // factorial(r) // factorial(n - r)
+
+
+def len_permutations(iterable: Sized, r: int) -> int:
+    """How many options will itertools.permutations(iterable, r) yield?"""
+    n = len(iterable)
+    if r > n:
+        return 0
+    else:
+        return factorial(n) // factorial(n - r)
+
+
+def combinations_of_sum(total_sum: int, length: int = None, min_value: int = 0) -> Iterator[tuple[int]]:
+    if length is None:
+        length = total_sum
+
+    if length == 1:
+        yield (total_sum,)
+    else:
+        for value in range(min_value, total_sum + 1):
+            for permutation in combinations_of_sum(total_sum - value, length - 1, min_value):
+                yield (value,) + permutation
+
+
+def len_combinations_of_sum(total_sum: int, length: int = None, min_value: int = 0) -> int:
+    """
+    How many options will combinations_of_sum(total_sum, length) yield?
+
+    No idea how to factor in min_value, yet, so if using min_value, the answer will always be too high
+    """
+    return comb(total_sum + length - 1, total_sum)

src/tools/lists.py

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ from typing import Any
 @dataclass
 class Node:
     value: Any
-    next: "Node" = None
-    prev: "Node" = None
+    next: Node = None
+    prev: Node = None
 
 
 class LinkedList:

src/tools/math.py

@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ from decimal import Decimal, ROUND_HALF_UP
 from typing import Iterable
 
 
+MAXINT32 = 2**32
+MAXINT64 = 2**64
+MAXINT32_SIGNED = 2**31
+MAXINT64_SIGNED = 2**63
+MAXINT32_UNSIGNED = MAXINT32
+MAXINT64_UNSIGNED = MAXINT64
+
+
 def round_half_up(number: int | float) -> int:
     """pythons round() rounds .5 to the *even* number; 0.5 == 0"""
     return int(Decimal(number).to_integral(ROUND_HALF_UP))
@@ -26,3 +34,11 @@ def mul(ints: Iterable[int]) -> int:
         ret *= x
 
     return ret
+
+
+def magnitude(value: int | float) -> int:
+    return math.floor(math.log10(value))
+
+
+def concat(value1: int, value2: int) -> int:
+    return value1 * (10 ** (1 + magnitude(value2))) + value2

src/tools/stopwatch.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class StopWatch:
     stopped: int | None = None
 
     def __init__(self, auto_start=True):
+        self.total_elapsed = 0
         if auto_start:
             self.start()
 
@@ -15,11 +16,13 @@ class StopWatch:
         self.started = perf_counter_ns()
         self.stopped = None
 
-    def stop(self) -> float:
+    def stop(self):
         self.stopped = perf_counter_ns()
-        return self.elapsed()
+        self.total_elapsed += self.elapsed()
 
-    reset = start
+    def reset(self):
+        self.total_elapsed = 0
+        self.start()
 
     def elapsed(self) -> int:
         if self.stopped is None:
@@ -28,10 +31,10 @@ class StopWatch:
             return self.stopped - self.started
 
     def elapsed_string(self) -> str:
-        return human_readable_time_from_ns(self.elapsed())
+        return human_readable_time_from_ns(self.total_elapsed)
 
     def avg_elapsed(self, divider: int) -> float:
-        return self.elapsed() / divider
+        return self.total_elapsed / divider
 
     def avg_string(self, divider: int) -> str:
         return human_readable_time_from_ns(int(self.avg_elapsed(divider)))

src/tools/tools.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ import datetime
 import inspect
 import os.path
 import sys
-from fishhook import hook
-from functools import wraps
 from typing import Any
 
 
@@ -46,9 +44,7 @@ class Dict(dict):
                 self[k] = Dict(self[k])
             elif isinstance(self[k], list):
                 for i in range(len(self[k])):
-                    if isinstance(self[k][i], dict) and not isinstance(
-                        self[k][i], Dict
-                    ):
+                    if isinstance(self[k][i], dict) and not isinstance(self[k][i], Dict):
                         self[k][i] = Dict(self[k][i])
 
     def update(self, other: dict, **kwargs):
@@ -104,14 +100,7 @@ def minmax(*arr: Any) -> (Any, Any):
         else:
             return arr[0], arr[0]
 
-    arr = set(arr)
-    smallest = min(arr)
-    biggest = max(arr)
-    if smallest == biggest:
-        arr.remove(smallest)
-        biggest = max(arr)
-
-    return smallest, biggest
+    return min(arr), max(arr)
 
 
 def human_readable_time_from_delta(delta: datetime.timedelta) -> str:
@@ -149,51 +138,3 @@ def human_readable_time_from_ns(ns: int) -> str:
         time_parts.insert(0, "%d%s" % (p, unit))
         if ns == 0:
             return ", ".join(time_parts)
-
-
-def cache(func):
-    saved = {}
-
-    @wraps(func)
-    def new_func(*args):
-        if args in saved:
-            return saved[args]
-
-        result = func(*args)
-        saved[args] = result
-        return result
-
-    return new_func
-
-
-@hook(list)
-def intersection(self, *args) -> list:
-    ret = set(self).intersection(*args)
-    return list(ret)
-
-
-@hook(list)
-def __and__(self, *args) -> list:
-    return self.intersection(*args)
-
-
-@hook(str)
-def intersection(self, *args) -> str:
-    ret = set(self).intersection(*args)
-    return "".join(list(ret))
-
-
-@hook(str)
-def __and__(self, *args) -> str:
-    return self.intersection(*args)
-
-
-@hook(int)
-def sum_digits(self) -> int:
-    s = 0
-    num = self
-    while num > 0:
-        s += num % 10
-        num //= 10
-
-    return s

src/tools/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from math import ceil
+
+
+class Integer(int):
+    def digits(self) -> Iterable[int]:
+        for x in str(self):
+            yield int(x)
+
+    def digits_sum(self) -> int:
+        return sum(int(x) for x in str(self))
+
+
+class String(str):
+    def swap(self, x: int, y: int) -> String:
+        x, y = min(x, y), max(x, y)
+        return String(self[:x] + self[y] + self[x + 1 : y] + self[x] + self[y + 1 :])
+
+    def rotate(self, n: int) -> String:
+        if n == 0:
+            return self
+        while n < 0:
+            n += len(self)
+        while n > len(self):
+            n -= len(self)
+        return String(self[-n:] + self[: len(self) - n])
+
+    def reverse(self, start: int = 0, end: int = None) -> String:
+        if end is None:
+            end = len(self) - 1
+        return String(self[:start] + "".join(reversed(self[start : end + 1])) + self[end + 1 :])
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item) -> String:
+        return String(super().__getitem__(item))
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other: int) -> list[String]:
+        d = ceil(len(self) / other)
+        return [self[i * d:i * d + d] for i in range(other)]
+
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other: int) -> list[String]:
+        if len(self) % other != 0:
+            raise ValueError("String length is Not a multiple of {}".format(other))
+
+        d = len(self) // other
+        return [self[i * d:i * d + d] for i in range(other)]
+
+
+
+class List(list):
+    def moving_window(self, size: int = 2) -> Iterable[List]:
+        if len(self) % size != 0:
+            raise ValueError("number of list items must be divisible by size")
+
+        for i in range(len(self) // size):
+            this_window = List()
+            for j in range(size):
+                this_window.append(self[i * size + j])
+
+            yield this_window
+
+
+class Range:
+    def __init__(self, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        self.start = start
+        self.end = end
+
+    def overlaps(self, other: Range) -> bool:
+        return other.start <= self.start <= other.end or other.start <= self.end <= other.end or (other.start <= self.start and other.end >= self.end) or (self.start <= other.start and self.end >= other.end)
+
+    def merge(self, other: Range) -> Range:
+        if not self.overlaps(other):
+            raise ValueError("Ranges do not overlap")
+
+        return Range(min(self.start, other.start), max(self.end, other.end))
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: int) -> bool:
+        return self.start <= item <= self.end
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self.end - self.start + 1
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterable[int]:
+        for x in range(self.start, self.end + 1):
+            yield x
+
+    def __reversed__(self) -> Iterable[int]:
+        for x in range(self.end, self.start - 1, -1):
+            yield x

src/tools/visualization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from .coordinate import Line, Coordinate, Rectangle
+from enum import Enum
+import tkinter as tk
+
+
+class Color(str, Enum):
+    ALICEBLUE = "#F0F8FF"
+    ANTIQUEWHITE = "#FAEBD7"
+    ANTIQUEWHITE1 = "#FFEFDB"
+    ANTIQUEWHITE2 = "#EEDFCC"
+    ANTIQUEWHITE3 = "#CDC0B0"
+    ANTIQUEWHITE4 = "#8B8378"
+    AQUA = "#00FFFF"
+    AQUAMARINE1 = "#7FFFD4"
+    AQUAMARINE2 = "#76EEC6"
+    AQUAMARINE3 = "#66CDAA"
+    AQUAMARINE4 = "#458B74"
+    AZURE = "#007FFF"
+    AZURE1 = "#F0FFFF"
+    AZURE2 = "#E0EEEE"
+    AZURE3 = "#C1CDCD"
+    AZURE4 = "#838B8B"
+    BANANA = "#E3CF57"
+    BEIGE = "#F5F5DC"
+    BISQUE1 = "#FFE4C4"
+    BISQUE2 = "#EED5B7"
+    BISQUE3 = "#CDB79E"
+    BISQUE4 = "#8B7D6B"
+    BLACK = "#000000"
+    BLANCHEDALMOND = "#FFEBCD"
+    BLUE = "#0000FF"
+    BLUE2 = "#0000EE"
+    BLUE3 = "#0000CD"
+    BLUE4 = "#00008B"
+    BLUEVIOLET = "#8A2BE2"
+    BRICK = "#9C661F"
+    BROWN = "#A52A2A"
+    BROWN1 = "#FF4040"
+    BROWN2 = "#EE3B3B"
+    BROWN3 = "#CD3333"
+    BROWN4 = "#8B2323"
+    BURLYWOOD = "#DEB887"
+    BURLYWOOD1 = "#FFD39B"
+    BURLYWOOD2 = "#EEC591"
+    BURLYWOOD3 = "#CDAA7D"
+    BURLYWOOD4 = "#8B7355"
+    BURNTSIENNA = "#8A360F"
+    BURNTUMBER = "#8A3324"
+    CADETBLUE = "#5F9EA0"
+    CADETBLUE1 = "#98F5FF"
+    CADETBLUE2 = "#8EE5EE"
+    CADETBLUE3 = "#7AC5CD"
+    CADETBLUE4 = "#53868B"
+    CADMIUMORANGE = "#FF6103"
+    CADMIUMYELLOW = "#FF9912"
+    CARROT = "#ED9121"
+    CHARTREUSE = "#DFFF00"
+    CHARTREUSE1 = "#7FFF00"
+    CHARTREUSE2 = "#76EE00"
+    CHARTREUSE3 = "#66CD00"
+    CHARTREUSE4 = "#458B00"
+    CHOCOLATE = "#D2691E"
+    CHOCOLATE1 = "#FF7F24"
+    CHOCOLATE2 = "#EE7621"
+    CHOCOLATE3 = "#CD661D"
+    CHOCOLATE4 = "#8B4513"
+    COBALT = "#3D59AB"
+    COBALTGREEN = "#3D9140"
+    COLDGREY = "#808A87"
+    CORAL = "#FF7F50"
+    CORAL1 = "#FF7256"
+    CORAL2 = "#EE6A50"
+    CORAL3 = "#CD5B45"
+    CORAL4 = "#8B3E2F"
+    CORNFLOWERBLUE = "#6495ED"
+    CORNSILK = "#FFF8DC"
+    CORNSILK1 = "#FFF8DC"
+    CORNSILK2 = "#EEE8CD"
+    CORNSILK3 = "#CDC8B1"
+    CORNSILK4 = "#8B8878"
+    CRIMSON = "#DC143C"
+    CYAN = "#00FFFF"
+    CYAN2 = "#00EEEE"
+    CYAN3 = "#00CDCD"
+    CYAN4 = "#008B8B"
+    DARKGOLDENROD = "#B8860B"
+    DARKGOLDENROD1 = "#FFB90F"
+    DARKGOLDENROD2 = "#EEAD0E"
+    DARKGOLDENROD3 = "#CD950C"
+    DARKGOLDENROD4 = "#8B6508"
+    DARKGRAY = "#A9A9A9"
+    DARKGREEN = "#006400"
+    DARKKHAKI = "#BDB76B"
+    DARKOLIVEGREEN = "#556B2F"
+    DARKOLIVEGREEN1 = "#CAFF70"
+    DARKOLIVEGREEN2 = "#BCEE68"
+    DARKOLIVEGREEN3 = "#A2CD5A"
+    DARKOLIVEGREEN4 = "#6E8B3D"
+    DARKORANGE = "#FF8C00"
+    DARKORANGE1 = "#FF7F00"
+    DARKORANGE2 = "#EE7600"
+    DARKORANGE3 = "#CD6600"
+    DARKORANGE4 = "#8B4500"
+    DARKORCHID = "#9932CC"
+    DARKORCHID1 = "#BF3EFF"
+    DARKORCHID2 = "#B23AEE"
+    DARKORCHID3 = "#9A32CD"
+    DARKORCHID4 = "#68228B"
+    DARKSALMON = "#E9967A"
+    DARKSEAGREEN = "#8FBC8F"
+    DARKSEAGREEN1 = "#C1FFC1"
+    DARKSEAGREEN2 = "#B4EEB4"
+    DARKSEAGREEN3 = "#9BCD9B"
+    DARKSEAGREEN4 = "#698B69"
+    DARKSLATEBLUE = "#483D8B"
+    DARKSLATEGRAY = "#2F4F4F"
+    DARKSLATEGRAY1 = "#97FFFF"
+    DARKSLATEGRAY2 = "#8DEEEE"
+    DARKSLATEGRAY3 = "#79CDCD"
+    DARKSLATEGRAY4 = "#528B8B"
+    DARKTURQUOISE = "#00CED1"
+    DARKVIOLET = "#9400D3"
+    DEEPPINK1 = "#FF1493"
+    DEEPPINK2 = "#EE1289"
+    DEEPPINK3 = "#CD1076"
+    DEEPPINK4 = "#8B0A50"
+    DEEPSKYBLUE = "#00BFFF"
+    DEEPSKYBLUE1 = "#00BFFF"
+    DEEPSKYBLUE2 = "#00B2EE"
+    DEEPSKYBLUE3 = "#009ACD"
+    DEEPSKYBLUE4 = "#00688B"
+    DIMGRAY = "#696969"
+    DODGERBLUE1 = "#1E90FF"
+    DODGERBLUE2 = "#1C86EE"
+    DODGERBLUE3 = "#1874CD"
+    DODGERBLUE4 = "#104E8B"
+    EGGSHELL = "#FCE6C9"
+    EMERALDGREEN = "#00C957"
+    FIREBRICK = "#B22222"
+    FIREBRICK1 = "#FF3030"
+    FIREBRICK2 = "#EE2C2C"
+    FIREBRICK3 = "#CD2626"
+    FIREBRICK4 = "#8B1A1A"
+    FLESH = "#FF7D40"
+    FLORALWHITE = "#FFFAF0"
+    FORESTGREEN = "#228B22"
+    GAINSBORO = "#DCDCDC"
+    GHOSTWHITE = "#F8F8FF"
+    GOLD1 = "#FFD700"
+    GOLD2 = "#EEC900"
+    GOLD3 = "#CDAD00"
+    GOLD4 = "#8B7500"
+    GOLDENROD = "#DAA520"
+    GOLDENROD1 = "#FFC125"
+    GOLDENROD2 = "#EEB422"
+    GOLDENROD3 = "#CD9B1D"
+    GOLDENROD4 = "#8B6914"
+    GRAY = "#808080"
+    GRAY1 = "#030303"
+    GRAY10 = "#1A1A1A"
+    GRAY11 = "#1C1C1C"
+    GRAY12 = "#1F1F1F"
+    GRAY13 = "#212121"
+    GRAY14 = "#242424"
+    GRAY15 = "#262626"
+    GRAY16 = "#292929"
+    GRAY17 = "#2B2B2B"
+    GRAY18 = "#2E2E2E"
+    GRAY19 = "#303030"
+    GRAY2 = "#050505"
+    GRAY20 = "#333333"
+    GRAY21 = "#363636"
+    GRAY22 = "#383838"
+    GRAY23 = "#3B3B3B"
+    GRAY24 = "#3D3D3D"
+    GRAY25 = "#404040"
+    GRAY26 = "#424242"
+    GRAY27 = "#454545"
+    GRAY28 = "#474747"
+    GRAY29 = "#4A4A4A"
+    GRAY3 = "#080808"
+    GRAY30 = "#4D4D4D"
+    GRAY31 = "#4F4F4F"
+    GRAY32 = "#525252"
+    GRAY33 = "#545454"
+    GRAY34 = "#575757"
+    GRAY35 = "#595959"
+    GRAY36 = "#5C5C5C"
+    GRAY37 = "#5E5E5E"
+    GRAY38 = "#616161"
+    GRAY39 = "#636363"
+    GRAY4 = "#0A0A0A"
+    GRAY40 = "#666666"
+    GRAY42 = "#6B6B6B"
+    GRAY43 = "#6E6E6E"
+    GRAY44 = "#707070"
+    GRAY45 = "#737373"
+    GRAY46 = "#757575"
+    GRAY47 = "#787878"
+    GRAY48 = "#7A7A7A"
+    GRAY49 = "#7D7D7D"
+    GRAY5 = "#0D0D0D"
+    GRAY50 = "#7F7F7F"
+    GRAY51 = "#828282"
+    GRAY52 = "#858585"
+    GRAY53 = "#878787"
+    GRAY54 = "#8A8A8A"
+    GRAY55 = "#8C8C8C"
+    GRAY56 = "#8F8F8F"
+    GRAY57 = "#919191"
+    GRAY58 = "#949494"
+    GRAY59 = "#969696"
+    GRAY6 = "#0F0F0F"
+    GRAY60 = "#999999"
+    GRAY61 = "#9C9C9C"
+    GRAY62 = "#9E9E9E"
+    GRAY63 = "#A1A1A1"
+    GRAY64 = "#A3A3A3"
+    GRAY65 = "#A6A6A6"
+    GRAY66 = "#A8A8A8"
+    GRAY67 = "#ABABAB"
+    GRAY68 = "#ADADAD"
+    GRAY69 = "#B0B0B0"
+    GRAY7 = "#121212"
+    GRAY70 = "#B3B3B3"
+    GRAY71 = "#B5B5B5"
+    GRAY72 = "#B8B8B8"
+    GRAY73 = "#BABABA"
+    GRAY74 = "#BDBDBD"
+    GRAY75 = "#BFBFBF"
+    GRAY76 = "#C2C2C2"
+    GRAY77 = "#C4C4C4"
+    GRAY78 = "#C7C7C7"
+    GRAY79 = "#C9C9C9"
+    GRAY8 = "#141414"
+    GRAY80 = "#CCCCCC"
+    GRAY81 = "#CFCFCF"
+    GRAY82 = "#D1D1D1"
+    GRAY83 = "#D4D4D4"
+    GRAY84 = "#D6D6D6"
+    GRAY85 = "#D9D9D9"
+    GRAY86 = "#DBDBDB"
+    GRAY87 = "#DEDEDE"
+    GRAY88 = "#E0E0E0"
+    GRAY89 = "#E3E3E3"
+    GRAY9 = "#171717"
+    GRAY90 = "#E5E5E5"
+    GRAY91 = "#E8E8E8"
+    GRAY92 = "#EBEBEB"
+    GRAY93 = "#EDEDED"
+    GRAY94 = "#F0F0F0"
+    GRAY95 = "#F2F2F2"
+    GRAY97 = "#F7F7F7"
+    GRAY98 = "#FAFAFA"
+    GRAY99 = "#FCFCFC"
+    GREEN = "#008000"
+    GREEN1 = "#00FF00"
+    GREEN2 = "#00EE00"
+    GREEN3 = "#00CD00"
+    GREEN4 = "#008B00"
+    GREENYELLOW = "#ADFF2F"
+    HONEYDEW1 = "#F0FFF0"
+    HONEYDEW2 = "#E0EEE0"
+    HONEYDEW3 = "#C1CDC1"
+    HONEYDEW4 = "#838B83"
+    HOTPINK = "#FF69B4"
+    HOTPINK1 = "#FF6EB4"
+    HOTPINK2 = "#EE6AA7"
+    HOTPINK3 = "#CD6090"
+    HOTPINK4 = "#8B3A62"
+    INDIANRED = "#CD5C5C"
+    INDIANRED1 = "#FF6A6A"
+    INDIANRED2 = "#EE6363"
+    INDIANRED3 = "#CD5555"
+    INDIANRED4 = "#8B3A3A"
+    INDIGO = "#4B0082"
+    IVORY1 = "#FFFFF0"
+    IVORY2 = "#EEEEE0"
+    IVORY3 = "#CDCDC1"
+    IVORY4 = "#8B8B83"
+    IVORYBLACK = "#292421"
+    KHAKI = "#F0E68C"
+    KHAKI1 = "#FFF68F"
+    KHAKI2 = "#EEE685"
+    KHAKI3 = "#CDC673"
+    KHAKI4 = "#8B864E"
+    LAVENDER = "#E6E6FA"
+    LAVENDERBLUSH1 = "#FFF0F5"
+    LAVENDERBLUSH2 = "#EEE0E5"
+    LAVENDERBLUSH3 = "#CDC1C5"
+    LAVENDERBLUSH4 = "#8B8386"
+    LAWNGREEN = "#7CFC00"
+    LEMONCHIFFON1 = "#FFFACD"
+    LEMONCHIFFON2 = "#EEE9BF"
+    LEMONCHIFFON3 = "#CDC9A5"
+    LEMONCHIFFON4 = "#8B8970"
+    LIGHTBLUE = "#ADD8E6"
+    LIGHTBLUE1 = "#BFEFFF"
+    LIGHTBLUE2 = "#B2DFEE"
+    LIGHTBLUE3 = "#9AC0CD"
+    LIGHTBLUE4 = "#68838B"
+    LIGHTCORAL = "#F08080"
+    LIGHTCYAN1 = "#E0FFFF"
+    LIGHTCYAN2 = "#D1EEEE"
+    LIGHTCYAN3 = "#B4CDCD"
+    LIGHTCYAN4 = "#7A8B8B"
+    LIGHTGOLDENROD1 = "#FFEC8B"
+    LIGHTGOLDENROD2 = "#EEDC82"
+    LIGHTGOLDENROD3 = "#CDBE70"
+    LIGHTGOLDENROD4 = "#8B814C"
+    LIGHTGOLDENRODYELLOW = "#FAFAD2"
+    LIGHTGREY = "#D3D3D3"
+    LIGHTPINK = "#FFB6C1"
+    LIGHTPINK1 = "#FFAEB9"
+    LIGHTPINK2 = "#EEA2AD"
+    LIGHTPINK3 = "#CD8C95"
+    LIGHTPINK4 = "#8B5F65"
+    LIGHTSALMON1 = "#FFA07A"
+    LIGHTSALMON2 = "#EE9572"
+    LIGHTSALMON3 = "#CD8162"
+    LIGHTSALMON4 = "#8B5742"
+    LIGHTSEAGREEN = "#20B2AA"
+    LIGHTSKYBLUE = "#87CEFA"
+    LIGHTSKYBLUE1 = "#B0E2FF"
+    LIGHTSKYBLUE2 = "#A4D3EE"
+    LIGHTSKYBLUE3 = "#8DB6CD"
+    LIGHTSKYBLUE4 = "#607B8B"
+    LIGHTSLATEBLUE = "#8470FF"
+    LIGHTSLATEGRAY = "#778899"
+    LIGHTSTEELBLUE = "#B0C4DE"
+    LIGHTSTEELBLUE1 = "#CAE1FF"
+    LIGHTSTEELBLUE2 = "#BCD2EE"
+    LIGHTSTEELBLUE3 = "#A2B5CD"
+    LIGHTSTEELBLUE4 = "#6E7B8B"
+    LIGHTYELLOW1 = "#FFFFE0"
+    LIGHTYELLOW2 = "#EEEED1"
+    LIGHTYELLOW3 = "#CDCDB4"
+    LIGHTYELLOW4 = "#8B8B7A"
+    LIMEGREEN = "#32CD32"
+    LINEN = "#FAF0E6"
+    MAGENTA = "#FF00FF"
+    MAGENTA2 = "#EE00EE"
+    MAGENTA3 = "#CD00CD"
+    MAGENTA4 = "#8B008B"
+    MANGANESEBLUE = "#03A89E"
+    MAROON = "#800000"
+    MAROON1 = "#FF34B3"
+    MAROON2 = "#EE30A7"
+    MAROON3 = "#CD2990"
+    MAROON4 = "#8B1C62"
+    MEDIUMORCHID = "#BA55D3"
+    MEDIUMORCHID1 = "#E066FF"
+    MEDIUMORCHID2 = "#D15FEE"
+    MEDIUMORCHID3 = "#B452CD"
+    MEDIUMORCHID4 = "#7A378B"
+    MEDIUMPURPLE = "#9370DB"
+    MEDIUMPURPLE1 = "#AB82FF"
+    MEDIUMPURPLE2 = "#9F79EE"
+    MEDIUMPURPLE3 = "#8968CD"
+    MEDIUMPURPLE4 = "#5D478B"
+    MEDIUMSEAGREEN = "#3CB371"
+    MEDIUMSLATEBLUE = "#7B68EE"
+    MEDIUMSPRINGGREEN = "#00FA9A"
+    MEDIUMTURQUOISE = "#48D1CC"
+    MEDIUMVIOLETRED = "#C71585"
+    MELON = "#E3A869"
+    MIDNIGHTBLUE = "#191970"
+    MINT = "#BDFCC9"
+    MINTCREAM = "#F5FFFA"
+    MISTYROSE1 = "#FFE4E1"
+    MISTYROSE2 = "#EED5D2"
+    MISTYROSE3 = "#CDB7B5"
+    MISTYROSE4 = "#8B7D7B"
+    MOCCASIN = "#FFE4B5"
+    NAVAJOWHITE1 = "#FFDEAD"
+    NAVAJOWHITE2 = "#EECFA1"
+    NAVAJOWHITE3 = "#CDB38B"
+    NAVAJOWHITE4 = "#8B795E"
+    NAVY = "#000080"
+    OLDLACE = "#FDF5E6"
+    OLIVE = "#808000"
+    OLIVEDRAB = "#6B8E23"
+    OLIVEDRAB1 = "#C0FF3E"
+    OLIVEDRAB2 = "#B3EE3A"
+    OLIVEDRAB3 = "#9ACD32"
+    OLIVEDRAB4 = "#698B22"
+    ORANGE = "#FF8000"
+    ORANGE1 = "#FFA500"
+    ORANGE2 = "#EE9A00"
+    ORANGE3 = "#CD8500"
+    ORANGE4 = "#8B5A00"
+    ORANGERED1 = "#FF4500"
+    ORANGERED2 = "#EE4000"
+    ORANGERED3 = "#CD3700"
+    ORANGERED4 = "#8B2500"
+    ORCHID = "#DA70D6"
+    ORCHID1 = "#FF83FA"
+    ORCHID2 = "#EE7AE9"
+    ORCHID3 = "#CD69C9"
+    ORCHID4 = "#8B4789"
+    PALEGOLDENROD = "#EEE8AA"
+    PALEGREEN = "#98FB98"
+    PALEGREEN1 = "#9AFF9A"
+    PALEGREEN2 = "#90EE90"
+    PALEGREEN3 = "#7CCD7C"
+    PALEGREEN4 = "#548B54"
+    PALETURQUOISE1 = "#BBFFFF"
+    PALETURQUOISE2 = "#AEEEEE"
+    PALETURQUOISE3 = "#96CDCD"
+    PALETURQUOISE4 = "#668B8B"
+    PALEVIOLETRED = "#DB7093"
+    PALEVIOLETRED1 = "#FF82AB"
+    PALEVIOLETRED2 = "#EE799F"
+    PALEVIOLETRED3 = "#CD6889"
+    PALEVIOLETRED4 = "#8B475D"
+    PAPAYAWHIP = "#FFEFD5"
+    PEACHPUFF1 = "#FFDAB9"
+    PEACHPUFF2 = "#EECBAD"
+    PEACHPUFF3 = "#CDAF95"
+    PEACHPUFF4 = "#8B7765"
+    PEACOCK = "#33A1C9"
+    PINK = "#FFC0CB"
+    PINK1 = "#FFB5C5"
+    PINK2 = "#EEA9B8"
+    PINK3 = "#CD919E"
+    PINK4 = "#8B636C"
+    PLUM = "#DDA0DD"
+    PLUM1 = "#FFBBFF"
+    PLUM2 = "#EEAEEE"
+    PLUM3 = "#CD96CD"
+    PLUM4 = "#8B668B"
+    POWDERBLUE = "#B0E0E6"
+    PURPLE = "#800080"
+    PURPLE1 = "#9B30FF"
+    PURPLE2 = "#912CEE"
+    PURPLE3 = "#7D26CD"
+    PURPLE4 = "#551A8B"
+    RASPBERRY = "#872657"
+    RAWSIENNA = "#C76114"
+    RED1 = "#FF0000"
+    RED2 = "#EE0000"
+    RED3 = "#CD0000"
+    RED4 = "#8B0000"
+    ROSYBROWN = "#BC8F8F"
+    ROSYBROWN1 = "#FFC1C1"
+    ROSYBROWN2 = "#EEB4B4"
+    ROSYBROWN3 = "#CD9B9B"
+    ROSYBROWN4 = "#8B6969"
+    ROYALBLUE = "#4169E1"
+    ROYALBLUE1 = "#4876FF"
+    ROYALBLUE2 = "#436EEE"
+    ROYALBLUE3 = "#3A5FCD"
+    ROYALBLUE4 = "#27408B"
+    SALMON = "#FA8072"
+    SALMON1 = "#FF8C69"
+    SALMON2 = "#EE8262"
+    SALMON3 = "#CD7054"
+    SALMON4 = "#8B4C39"
+    SANDYBROWN = "#F4A460"
+    SAPGREEN = "#308014"
+    SEAGREEN1 = "#54FF9F"
+    SEAGREEN2 = "#4EEE94"
+    SEAGREEN3 = "#43CD80"
+    SEAGREEN4 = "#2E8B57"
+    SEASHELL1 = "#FFF5EE"
+    SEASHELL2 = "#EEE5DE"
+    SEASHELL3 = "#CDC5BF"
+    SEASHELL4 = "#8B8682"
+    SEPIA = "#5E2612"
+    SGIBEET = "#8E388E"
+    SGIBRIGHTGRAY = "#C5C1AA"
+    SGICHARTREUSE = "#71C671"
+    SGIDARKGRAY = "#555555"
+    SGIGRAY12 = "#1E1E1E"
+    SGIGRAY16 = "#282828"
+    SGIGRAY32 = "#515151"
+    SGIGRAY36 = "#5B5B5B"
+    SGIGRAY52 = "#848484"
+    SGIGRAY56 = "#8E8E8E"
+    SGIGRAY72 = "#B7B7B7"
+    SGIGRAY76 = "#C1C1C1"
+    SGIGRAY92 = "#EAEAEA"
+    SGIGRAY96 = "#F4F4F4"
+    SGILIGHTBLUE = "#7D9EC0"
+    SGILIGHTGRAY = "#AAAAAA"
+    SGIOLIVEDRAB = "#8E8E38"
+    SGISALMON = "#C67171"
+    SGISLATEBLUE = "#7171C6"
+    SGITEAL = "#388E8E"
+    SIENNA = "#A0522D"
+    SIENNA1 = "#FF8247"
+    SIENNA2 = "#EE7942"
+    SIENNA3 = "#CD6839"
+    SIENNA4 = "#8B4726"
+    SILVER = "#C0C0C0"
+    SKYBLUE = "#87CEEB"
+    SKYBLUE1 = "#87CEFF"
+    SKYBLUE2 = "#7EC0EE"
+    SKYBLUE3 = "#6CA6CD"
+    SKYBLUE4 = "#4A708B"
+    SLATEBLUE = "#6A5ACD"
+    SLATEBLUE1 = "#836FFF"
+    SLATEBLUE2 = "#7A67EE"
+    SLATEBLUE3 = "#6959CD"
+    SLATEBLUE4 = "#473C8B"
+    SLATEGRAY = "#708090"
+    SLATEGRAY1 = "#C6E2FF"
+    SLATEGRAY2 = "#B9D3EE"
+    SLATEGRAY3 = "#9FB6CD"
+    SLATEGRAY4 = "#6C7B8B"
+    SNOW1 = "#FFFAFA"
+    SNOW2 = "#EEE9E9"
+    SNOW3 = "#CDC9C9"
+    SNOW4 = "#8B8989"
+    SPRINGGREEN = "#00FF7F"
+    SPRINGGREEN1 = "#00EE76"
+    SPRINGGREEN2 = "#00CD66"
+    SPRINGGREEN3 = "#008B45"
+    STEELBLUE = "#4682B4"
+    STEELBLUE1 = "#63B8FF"
+    STEELBLUE2 = "#5CACEE"
+    STEELBLUE3 = "#4F94CD"
+    STEELBLUE4 = "#36648B"
+    TAN = "#D2B48C"
+    TAN1 = "#FFA54F"
+    TAN2 = "#EE9A49"
+    TAN3 = "#CD853F"
+    TAN4 = "#8B5A2B"
+    TEAL = "#008080"
+    THISTLE = "#D8BFD8"
+    THISTLE1 = "#FFE1FF"
+    THISTLE2 = "#EED2EE"
+    THISTLE3 = "#CDB5CD"
+    THISTLE4 = "#8B7B8B"
+    TOMATO1 = "#FF6347"
+    TOMATO2 = "#EE5C42"
+    TOMATO3 = "#CD4F39"
+    TOMATO4 = "#8B3626"
+    TURQUOISE = "#40E0D0"
+    TURQUOISE1 = "#00F5FF"
+    TURQUOISE2 = "#00E5EE"
+    TURQUOISE3 = "#00C5CD"
+    TURQUOISE4 = "#00868B"
+    TURQUOISEBLUE = "#00C78C"
+    VIOLET = "#EE82EE"
+    VIOLETRED = "#D02090"
+    VIOLETRED1 = "#FF3E96"
+    VIOLETRED2 = "#EE3A8C"
+    VIOLETRED3 = "#CD3278"
+    VIOLETRED4 = "#8B2252"
+    WARMGREY = "#808069"
+    WHEAT = "#F5DEB3"
+    WHEAT1 = "#FFE7BA"
+    WHEAT2 = "#EED8AE"
+    WHEAT3 = "#CDBA96"
+    WHEAT4 = "#8B7E66"
+    WHITE = "#FFFFFF"
+    WHITESMOKE = "#F5F5F5"
+    YELLOW1 = "#FFFF00"
+    YELLOW2 = "#EEEE00"
+    YELLOW3 = "#CDCD00"
+    YELLOW4 = "#8B8B00"
+
+
+class Window:
+    def __init__(self, width: int = 1280, height: int = 1024, bg_color: str = Color.BLACK, fg_color: str = Color.WHITE):
+        self.width, self.height = width, height
+        self.bg_color, self.fg_color = bg_color, fg_color
+
+        self.__tk_root = tk.Tk()
+        self.__canvas = tk.Canvas(master=self.__tk_root, width=width, height=height, bg=bg_color)
+        self.__canvas.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)
+        self.__canvas.bind("<MouseWheel>", self._zoom)
+        self.__canvas.bind("<ButtonPress-1>", self._scroll_start)
+        self.__canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", self._scroll_move)
+
+        self.__boundary_box = [None, None, None, None]
+
+    def _update_boundaries(self, coord: Coordinate | tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+        if self.__boundary_box[0] is None or coord[0] < self.__boundary_box[0]:
+            self.__boundary_box[0] = coord[0]
+        if self.__boundary_box[2] is None or coord[0] > self.__boundary_box[2]:
+            self.__boundary_box[2] = coord[0]
+        if self.__boundary_box[1] is None or coord[1] < self.__boundary_box[1]:
+            self.__boundary_box[1] = coord[1]
+        if self.__boundary_box[3] is None or coord[1] > self.__boundary_box[3]:
+            self.__boundary_box[3] = coord[1]
+
+    def _zoom(self, event: tk.Event) -> None:
+        amount = 0.95 if event.delta < 0 else 1.05
+        self.__canvas.scale(tk.ALL, 0, 0, amount, amount)
+
+    def _scroll_start(self, event: tk.Event) -> None:
+        self.__canvas.scan_mark(event.x, event.y)
+
+    def _scroll_move(self, event: tk.Event) -> None:
+        self.__canvas.scan_dragto(event.x, event.y, gain=1)
+
+    def clear(self, keep_boundaries: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.__canvas.delete(tk.ALL)
+        if not keep_boundaries:
+            self.__boundary_box = [None, None, None, None]
+
+    def draw_point(self, coord: Coordinate, size: int = 5, color: str = None):
+        if color is None:
+            color = self.fg_color
+
+        offset = size / 2
+
+        self.__canvas.create_oval(coord.x - offset, coord.y - offset, coord.x + offset, coord.y + offset, fill=color)
+        self._update_boundaries(coord)
+
+    def draw_line(self, line: Line, thickness: int = 1, color: str = None) -> None:
+        if color is None:
+            color = self.fg_color
+
+        self.__canvas.create_line(line.start.x, line.start.y, line.end.x, line.end.y, fill=color, width=thickness)
+        self._update_boundaries(line.start)
+        self._update_boundaries(line.end)
+
+    def draw_rectangle(self, rectangle: Rectangle, thickness: int = 1, color: str = None, fill: bool = False) -> None:
+        if color is None:
+            color = self.fg_color
+
+        if fill:
+            fill = color
+        else:
+            fill = self.bg_color
+
+        self.__canvas.create_rectangle(
+            rectangle.top_left.x,
+            rectangle.top_left.y,
+            rectangle.bottom_right.x,
+            rectangle.bottom_right.y,
+            fill=fill,
+            outline=color,
+            width=thickness,
+        )
+        self._update_boundaries(rectangle.top_left)
+        self._update_boundaries(rectangle.bottom_right)
+
+    def realign(self, padding: int = 1) -> None:
+        if self.__boundary_box[0] is not None and self.__boundary_box[0] < 0:
+            self.__canvas.move(tk.ALL, abs(self.__boundary_box[0]) + padding, 0)
+        if self.__boundary_box[1] is not None and self.__boundary_box[1] < 0:
+            self.__canvas.move(tk.ALL, 0, abs(self.__boundary_box[1]) + padding)
+        dim_x = self.__boundary_box[2] - self.__boundary_box[0] + 2 * padding
+        dim_y = self.__boundary_box[3] - self.__boundary_box[1] + 2 * padding
+        scale = min(self.width / dim_x, self.height / dim_y)
+        self.__canvas.scale(tk.ALL, 0, 0, scale, scale)
+        self.__canvas.update()
+
+    def done(self, realign: bool = True) -> None:
+        if realign:
+            self.realign()
+        self.__canvas.mainloop()